![]() 337 (1938) States with racially segregated educational systems cannot satisfy the "separate but equal" provision of Plessy merely by offering to pay for black students to be educated at an out-of-state institution they must offer those opportunities in-state. As long as the separate facilities are equal in quality, then such separation is not unconstitutional. 537 (1896) Segregated facilities for blacks and whites are constitutional under the doctrine of separate but equal. 356 (1886) Racially discriminatory application of a racially neutral statute violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was the first time that the Supreme Court reversed a state criminal conviction due to a violation of a constitutional provision concerning criminal procedure. 303 (1880) The exclusion of individuals from juries solely because of their race is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. After the Civil War, this decision was voided by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution. territories before they are admitted to the Union as doing so would violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Consequently, they cannot sue in federal court. 393 (1857) People of African descent that are slaves or were slaves and subsequently freed, along with their descendants, cannot be United States citizens. Individual rights Discrimination based on race and ethnicity Although many cases from state supreme courts are significant in developing the law of that state, only a few are so revolutionary that they announce standards that many other state courts then choose to follow. United States courts of appeals may also make such decisions, particularly if the Supreme Court chooses not to review the case or if it adopts the holding of the lower court, such as in Smith v. In the United States, landmark court decisions come most frequently from the Supreme Court.
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